Everything about Charles Of Lorraine Duke Of Mayenne totally explained
» For information on the regent of the Netherlands, see Charles of Lorraine.
Charles de Lorraine, duc de Mayenne, (
March 26,
1554–
October 3,
1611), or
Charles de Guise, was a
French nobleman of the
house of Guise and a military leader of the
Catholic League, which he headed during the French
Wars of Religion, following the assassination of his brothers at Blois in 1588. In 1596, when he made peace with
Henri of Navarre, the wars were essentially at an end.
He was the second son of
Francis of Lorraine, Duke of Guise and
Anna d'Este, the daughter of
Ercole d'Este II,
Duke of Ferrara and
Renée of France.
Lieutenant to the Duke of Guise
Charles was absent from France at the time of the
massacre of St Bartholomew, but took part in the
siege of La Rochelle in the following year, when he was created duke and
peer of France. He went with Henry of Valois, Duke of Anjou (later
Henry III of France), on his election as king of Poland, but soon returned to France to become the energetic supporter and lieutenant of his brother,
Henry I, Duke of Guise.
In 1577 he gained conspicuous successes over the
Huguenot forces in
Poitou. As governor of
Burgundy he raised his province in the cause of the
Catholic League in 1585. The assassination of his brothers at
Blois on December 23–24, 1588, left him at the head of the
Catholic party.
Head of the Catholic League
The ambassador of the
Republic of Venice, Giovanni Mocenigo, states that Mayenne had warned Henry III that there was a plot afoot to seize his person and to send him by force to
Paris. At the time of the murder he was at
Lyon, where he received a letter from the king saying that he'd acted on his warning, and ordering him to retire to his government.
Mayenne professed obedience, but immediately made preparations for marching on Paris. After a vain attempt to recover those of his relatives who had been arrested at Blois, he proceeded to recruit troops in his government of Burgundy and in
Champagne. Paris was devoted to the
house of Guise and had been roused to fury by the news of the murder. When Mayenne entered the city in February 1589 he found it dominated by representatives of the sixteen quarters of Paris, all staunch supporters of the League.
He formed a council general to direct the affairs of the city and to maintain relations with the other towns faithful to the League. Each quarter sent four representatives, and Mayenne added representatives of the various trades and professions of Paris in order to counterbalance this revolutionary element. He constituted himself "lieutenant-general of the state and crown of France," taking his oath before the
parlement of Paris.
In April he advanced on
Tours. Henry III in his extremity sought an alliance with the Huguenot,
Henry of Navarre (the future
Henry IV of France), and the allied forces drove the leaguers back, and had laid siege to Paris when the assassination of Henry III by a
Dominican monk changed the face of affairs and gave new strength to the Catholic party.
King-maker
Mayenne was urged to claim the crown for himself, but he was faithful to the official programme of the League and proclaimed
Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon, at that time a prisoner in the hands of Henry IV, as Charles X of France, although this numbering isn't accepted by historians. Henry IV retired to
Dieppe, followed by Mayenne, who joined his forces with those of his cousin
Charles, Duke of Aumale, and
Charles II de Cossé, comte de Brissac, and engaged the forces of the League in a succession of fights in the neighbourhood of
Arques (September 1589). He was defeated and out-marched by Henry IV, who moved on Paris, but retreated before Mayenne's forces.
In 1590 Mayenne received additions to his army from the
Spanish Netherlands, and took the field again, only to suffer complete defeat at
Ivry (
March 14,
1590). He then escaped to
Mantes and in September collected a fresh army at
Meaux, and with the assistance of
Alexander Farnese,
Duke of Parma, sent by
Philip II of Spain, raised the
siege of Paris, which was about to surrender to Henry IV. Mayenne feared with reason the designs of Philip II, and his difficulties were increased by the death of the Cardinal, the "king of the league."
Peacemaker
The extreme section of the party, represented by the radical "Paris Sixteen", urged him to proceed to the election of a Catholic king and to accept the help and the claims of their Spanish Hapsburg allies. Mayenne lacked the popular gifts of his brother, the Duke of Guise, and had no sympathy with the urban demagogues, inclining to the moderate side of his party, which began to urge reconciliation with Henry IV. He maintained the ancient forms of the constitution against the revolutionary policy of the Sixteen, who during his absence from Paris took the law into their own hands and in November 1591 executed one of the leaders of the more moderate party,
Barnabé Brisson, president of the
parlement. He returned to Paris and executed four of the chief malcontents. The power of the Sixteen diminished from that time, and with it the strength of the League.
Mayenne entered into negotiations with Henri IV while he was still appearing to consider with Philip II the succession to the French crown of the
Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain, daughter of
Elizabeth of Valois and granddaughter of
Henri II. He demanded that Henri IV complete his conversion to Catholicism before he was recognized by the adherents of the League. He also desired the continuation to himself of the high offices which had accumulated in his family and the reservation of their provinces to his relatives among the Leaguers.
In 1593 he summoned the
States-General to Paris and placed before them the claims of the Infanta, but they protested against foreign intervention (these proceedings are the subject of the satirical work, the
Satire Ménippée). Mayenne signed a truce at
La Villette on
July 31 1593. The internal dissensions of the league continued to increase, and the principal chiefs submitted. Mayenne finally made his peace only in October 1595. Henri IV allowed him the possession of
Chalon-sur-Saône, of
Seurre and
Soissons for three years, made his son
Henry governor of the
Île-de-France and paid a large indemnity.
Marriage and children
On
August 6,
1576, Charles married
Henriette of Savoy, Marquise de Villars. They had four children:
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